Unit 1: Introduction to Biology
- 1.1 What is Biology?
- Definition and scope of biology
- Branches of biology (botany, zoology, microbiology, etc.)
- 1.2 Scientific Method in Biology
- Hypothesis, experimentation, data analysis
- Importance of observation and measurement
- 1.3 Characteristics of Life
- Growth and development
- Metabolism, reproduction, response to stimuli
- Cellular organization and homeostasis
Unit 2: Cell Biology
- 2.1 Cell Structure and Function
- Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells
- Cell organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.
- 2.2 Cell Membrane and Transport
- Structure of the plasma membrane
- Passive and active transport (osmosis, diffusion, endocytosis, exocytosis)
- 2.3 Cell Division and Reproduction
- Mitosis and its stages
- Meiosis and genetic variation
Unit 3: Biochemistry
- 3.1 Organic Molecules
- Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
- Structure and function of macromolecules
- 3.2 Enzymes and Metabolism
- Enzyme structure, function, and regulation
- Metabolic pathways (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain)
- 3.3 ATP and Energy Transfer
- Role of ATP in cells
- Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Unit 4: Genetics
- 4.1 Mendelian Genetics
- Laws of inheritance (dominance, segregation, independent assortment)
- Punnett squares and genetic crosses
- 4.2 DNA and RNA
- Structure of DNA and RNA
- DNA replication, transcription, translation
- 4.3 Genetic Mutations and Disorders
- Types of mutations
- Inherited genetic disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia)
- 4.4 Biotechnology
- Genetic engineering, CRISPR, cloning
- Applications in medicine, agriculture, and research
Unit 5: Evolution
- 5.1 Theory of Evolution
- Natural selection and adaptation
- Evidence of evolution (fossils, comparative anatomy, molecular biology)
- 5.2 Population Genetics
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
- Genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation
- 5.3 Speciation and Evolutionary Patterns
- Allopatric vs. sympatric speciation
- Adaptive radiation, coevolution, convergent evolution
Unit 6: Ecology
- 6.1 Ecosystems and Communities
- Levels of ecological organization
- Energy flow and food webs
- 6.2 Population Ecology
- Population growth models (exponential and logistic)
- Factors affecting population size (carrying capacity, limiting factors)
- 6.3 Biodiversity and Conservation
- Importance of biodiversity
- Threats to biodiversity (habitat loss, climate change, invasive species)
- Conservation strategies and sustainable practices
Unit 7: Microbiology
- 7.1 Introduction to Microorganisms
- Bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protists
- Differences in structure and function
- 7.2 Microbial Growth and Reproduction
- Binary fission, viral replication, spore formation
- 7.3 Microorganisms and Humans
- Pathogens and disease (viruses, bacteria)
- Beneficial microbes (gut microbiota, fermentation)
Unit 8: Plant Biology
- 8.1 Plant Structure and Function
- Plant cells and tissues (xylem, phloem, meristems)
- Structure of roots, stems, leaves
- 8.2 Plant Physiology
- Photosynthesis and plant nutrition
- Water transport, transpiration
- 8.3 Plant Reproduction and Growth
- Sexual and asexual reproduction in plants
- Seed formation and germination
Unit 9: Animal Biology
- 9.1 Animal Tissues and Organ Systems
- Types of animal tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous)
- Major organ systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, etc.)
- 9.2 Nervous and Endocrine Systems
- Neurons and nervous system organization
- Hormones and endocrine regulation
- 9.3 Reproduction and Development in Animals
- Sexual and asexual reproduction
- Embryonic development and differentiation
Unit 10: Human Biology
- 10.1 Human Anatomy and Physiology
- Overview of major body systems (circulatory, respiratory, digestive, etc.)
- Homeostasis and regulatory mechanisms
- 10.2 Immune System
- Innate and adaptive immunity
- Immune response to pathogens
- 10.3 Human Health and Disease
- Common diseases (cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer)
- Lifestyle, genetics, and disease prevention
Unit 11: Biotechnology and Applied Biology
- 11.1 Modern Techniques in Biology
- DNA sequencing, PCR, gel electrophoresis
- Bioinformatics and computational biology
- 11.2 Applications of Biotechnology
- GMOs, gene therapy, stem cell research
- Ethical issues in biotechnology
- 11.3 Biomedicine and Pharmacology
- Drug development and testing
- Role of biology in medical advances
Unit 12: Environmental Biology and Sustainability
- 12.1 Human Impact on the Environment
- Pollution, deforestation, climate change
- Effects of urbanization and industrialization
- 12.2 Conservation Biology
- Ecosystem restoration
- Wildlife conservation and management
- 12.3 Sustainable Practices
- Renewable energy, sustainable agriculture
- Global efforts in environmental protection
Unit 13: Behavioral Biology
- 13.1 Animal Behavior
- Instinct vs. learned behavior
- Mating and social behaviors
- 13.2 Human Behavior
- Neurobiology of behavior
- Psychology and genetics of behavior
- 13.3 Evolution of Behavior
- Adaptive significance of behavior
- Behavioral ecology
Unit 14: Review and Capstone Project
- 14.1 Review of Key Concepts
- Recap of major topics covered in the course
- 14.2 Research Project
- Independent or group research on a chosen topic
- Presentation of findings
- 14.3 Exam and Final Assessment
- Comprehensive final exam
- Evaluation of capstone project
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